Test Id : GNPRS

The clinical workup for protein S deficiency should begin with measurement of plasma free protein S antigen.

Genetic testing for protein S deficiency is indicated if:

-Free protein S antigen and/or activity is abnormally reduced

-There is a clinical suspicion of hereditary thrombophilia and possible protein S deficiency due to family history or atypical clinical presentation

-Preanalytical variables and acquired causes of protein S deficiency have been excluded (eg, acute thrombosis, surgery, disseminated intravascular coagulation, liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, therapy with vitamin K antagonists such as warfarin, pregnancy, hormonal contraceptives, estrogen therapy, HIV infection, varicella, sickle cell disease, malignancy, nephrotic syndrome)

This test should only be considered if clinical and family history, initial coagulation screens, and/or initial antigen and activity tests suggest a diagnosis of protein S deficiency (see Testing Algorithm).

This test does not measure protein S activity or antigen levels.

-For assessment of free protein S activity, order S_FX / Protein S Activity, Plasma.

-For assessment of plasma free protein S antigen, order PSTF / Protein S Antigen, Plasma.

For patients in whom hereditary protein S deficiency is strongly suspected and the plasma free protein S antigen level is normal, consider testing free protein S activity for detecting type II protein S deficiency, which is very rare. Order S_FX / Protein S Activity, Plasma.

If genetic testing for hereditary blood clotting disorders using a larger panel is desired, a 16-gene comprehensive thrombosis panel is available; order GNTHR / Thrombosis Disorders, Comprehensive Gene Panel, Next-Generation Sequencing, Varies.

Testing for the PROS1 gene as part of a customized panel is available. For more information see CGPH / Custom Gene Panel, Hereditary, Next-Generation Sequencing, Varies.

Targeted testing for familial variants (also called site-specific or known variants testing) is available for the PROS1 gene. See FMTT / Familial Variant, Targeted Testing, Varies. To obtain more information about this testing option, call 800-533-1710.

Specimen preferred to arrive within 96 hours of collection.

Rare Coagulation Disorder Patient Information is required. Testing may proceed without the patient information, however, the information aids in providing a more thorough interpretation. Ordering providers are strongly encouraged to fill out the form and send with the specimen.

Specimen Type: Whole blood

Patient Preparation: A previous bone marrow transplant from an allogenic donor will interfere with testing. Call 800-533-1710 for instructions for testing patients who have received a bone marrow transplant.

Container/Tube:

Preferred: Lavender top (EDTA)

Acceptable: Yellow top (ACD)

Specimen Volume: 3 mL

Collection Instructions:

1. Invert several times to mix blood.

2. Send whole blood specimen in original tube. Do not aliquot.

Specimen Stability Information: Ambient (preferred) 4 days/Refrigerated

• Informed Consent for Genetic Testing
• Informed Consent for Genetic Testing (Spanish)
• Rare Coagulation Disorder Patient Information

1. Rare Coagulation Disorder Patient Information (T824) is required.

2. New York Clients-Informed consent is required. Document on the request form or electronic order that a copy is on file. The following documents are available:

-Informed Consent for Genetic Testing (T576)

-Informed Consent for Genetic Testing (Spanish) (T826)

3. If not ordering electronically, complete, print, and send an Coagulation Test Request (T753) with the specimen.

1 mL

Evaluating protein S deficiency in patients with a personal or family history suggestive of this hereditary thrombophilia

Confirming a diagnosis of autosomal dominant protein S deficiency with the identification of a known or suspected disease-causing alteration in the PROS1 gene

Confirming a diagnosis of autosomal recessive severe protein S deficiency with the identification of homozygous or compound heterozygous disease-causing alteration(s) in the PROS1 gene

Determining the disease-causing alteration(s) within the PROS1 gene to delineate the underlying molecular defect in a patient with a laboratory diagnosis of protein S deficiency

Prognosis and risk assessment based on the genotype-phenotype correlations

Ascertaining the variant status of family members related to an individual with a confirmed PROS1 variant for the purposes of informing clinical management and genetic counseling

Carrier testing for close family members of an individual with a diagnosis of autosomal recessive severe protein S deficiency

This test is not intended for prenatal diagnosis.

This test utilizes next-generation sequencing to detect single nucleotide and copy number variants in the PROS1 gene associated with thrombophilia due to protein S deficiency, a rare clotting disorder. See Method Description for additional details.

Identification of a disease-causing variant may assist with diagnosis, prognosis, clinical management, recurrence risk assessment, familial screening, and genetic counseling for thrombophilia due to protein S deficiency.

The clinical workup for protein S deficiency should begin with measurement of plasma free protein S antigen.

Genetic testing for protein S deficiency is indicated if:

-Free protein S antigen and/or activity is abnormally reduced

-There is a clinical suspicion of hereditary thrombophilia and possible protein S deficiency due to family history or atypical clinical presentation

-Preanalytical variables and acquired causes of protein S deficiency have been excluded (eg, acute thrombosis, surgery, disseminated intravascular coagulation, liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, therapy with vitamin K antagonists such as warfarin, pregnancy, hormonal contraceptives, estrogen therapy, HIV infection, varicella, sickle cell disease, malignancy, nephrotic syndrome)

Hereditary protein S deficiency is a rare inherited clotting disorder (thrombophilia) associated with germline variants in the PROS1 gene. Protein S is an important component of the body’s natural anticoagulant system. A deficiency results in an unchecked clotting cascade and increased risk of thromboembolism.(1)

Mild protein S deficiency is caused by heterozygous variants in one copy of PROS1 and is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner with incomplete penetrance. Individuals with mild protein S deficiency have a predisposition to developing venous thromboembolism, and often experience deep vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism. Affected women have an increased risk for pregnancy loss and complications. The estimated prevalence is 0.16% to 0.21%.(1-4)

Severe protein S deficiency is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous variants in PROS1 and is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. It is quite rare and presents with neonatal purpura fulminans and disseminated intravascular coagulation.(1-3)

Causes of acquired (nongenetic) protein S deficiency should be excluded prior to genetic testing, including vitamin K deficiency, oral anticoagulant therapy, presence of liver disease, intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis/disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura, pregnancy, and estrogen therapy. As an acute-phase reactant, plasma C4b-binding protein levels increase with acute illness and may cause acquired free protein S deficiency.(2)

The British Society for Haematology provides guidelines regarding diagnosis, management, and laboratory testing for individuals with hereditary thrombophilias including protein S deficiency.(5)

An interpretive report will be provided.

All detected variants are evaluated according to American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics recommendations.(7) Variants are classified based on known, predicted, or possible pathogenicity and reported with interpretive comments detailing their potential or known significance.

Clinical Correlations:

Test results should be interpreted in the context of clinical findings, family history, and other laboratory data. Misinterpretation of results may occur if the information provided is inaccurate or incomplete.

If testing was performed because of a clinically significant family history, it is often useful to first test an affected family member. Detection of a reportable variant in an affected family member would allow for more informative testing of at-risk individuals.

To discuss the availability of additional testing options or for assistance in the interpretation of these results, contact the Mayo Clinic Laboratories genetic counselors at 800-533-1710.

Technical Limitations:

Next-generation sequencing may not detect all types of genomic variants. In rare cases, false-negative or false-positive results may occur. The depth of coverage may be variable for some target regions; assay performance below the minimum acceptable criteria or for failed regions will be noted. Given these limitations, negative results do not rule out the diagnosis of a genetic disorder. If a specific clinical disorder is suspected, evaluation by alternative methods can be considered.

There may be regions of genes that cannot be effectively evaluated by sequencing or deletion and duplication analysis as a result of technical limitations of the assay, including regions of homology, high guanine-cytosine (GC) content, and repetitive sequences. Confirmation of select reportable variants will be performed by alternate methodologies based on internal laboratory criteria.

This test is validated to detect 95% of deletions up to 75 base pairs (bp) and insertions up to 47 bp. Deletions-insertions (delins) of 40 or more bp, including mobile element insertions, may be less reliably detected than smaller delins.

Deletion/Duplication Analysis:

This analysis targets single and multi-exon deletions/duplications; however, in some instances, single exon resolution cannot be achieved due to isolated reduction in sequence coverage or inherent genomic complexity. Balanced structural rearrangements (such as translocations and inversions) may not be detected.

This test is not designed to detect low levels of mosaicism or to differentiate between somatic and germline variants. If there is a possibility that any detected variant is somatic, additional testing may be necessary to clarify the significance of results.

For detailed information regarding gene specific performance and technical limitations, see Method Description or contact a laboratory genetic counselor.

If the patient has had an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant or a recent blood transfusion, results may be inaccurate due to the presence of donor DNA. Call Mayo Clinic Laboratories for instructions for testing patients who have received a bone marrow transplant.

Reclassification of Variants:

Currently, it is not standard practice for the laboratory to systematically review previously classified variants on a regular basis. The laboratory encourages healthcare providers to contact the laboratory at any time to learn how the classification of a particular variant may have changed over time. Due to broadening genetic knowledge, it is possible that the laboratory may discover new information of relevance to the patient. Should that occur, the laboratory may issue an amended report.

Variant Evaluation:

Evaluation and categorization of variants is performed using published American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology recommendations as a guideline.(7) Other gene-specific guidelines may also be considered. Variants are classified based on known, predicted, or possible pathogenicity and reported with interpretive comments detailing their potential or known significance. Variants classified as benign or likely benign are not reported.

Multiple in silico evaluation tools may be used to assist in the interpretation of these results. The accuracy of predictions made by in silico evaluation tools is highly dependent upon the data available for a given gene, and periodic updates to these tools may cause predictions to change over time. Results from in silico evaluation tools should be interpreted with caution and professional clinical judgment.

Rarely, incidental or secondary findings may implicate another predisposition or presence of active disease. These findings will be carefully reviewed to determine whether they will be reported.

1. Gupta A, Tun AM, Gupta K: Protein S Deficiency. In: StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; Updated December 5, 2022. Available at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544344/

2. ten Kate MK, van der Meer J: Protein S deficiency: a clinical perspective. Haemophilia. 2008 Nov;14(6):1222-1228

3. Garcia de Frutos P, Fuentes-Prior P, Hurtado B, Sala N: Molecular basis of protein S deficiency. Thromb Haemost. 2007 Sep;98(3):543-556

4. Beauchamp NJ, Dykes AC, Parikh N, Campbell Tait R, Daly ME: The prevalence of, and molecular defects underlying, inherited protein S deficiency in the general population. Br J Haematol. 2004 Jun;125(5):647-654

5. Arachchillage DJ, Mackillop L, Chandratheva A, Motawani J, MacCallum P, Laffan M.: Thrombophilia testing: A British Society for Haematology guideline. Br J Haematol. 2022 Aug;198(3):443-458

6. Richards S, Aziz N, Bale S, et al; ACMG Laboratory Quality Assurance Committee: Standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants: a joint consensus recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology. Genet Med. 2015 May;17(5):405-424

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and/or Sanger sequencing are performed to test for the presence of variants in coding regions and intron/exon boundaries of the PROS1 gene, as well as some other regions that have known disease-causing variants. The human genome reference GRCh37/hg19 build was used for sequence read alignment. At least 99% of the bases are covered at a read depth over 30X. Sensitivity is estimated at above 99% for single nucleotide variants, above 94% for deletions-insertions (delins) less than 40 base pairs (bp), above 95% for deletions up to 75 bp, and insertions up to 47 bp. NGS and/or a polymerase chain reaction-based quantitative method is performed to test for the presence of deletions and duplications in the PROS1 gene.

There may be regions of the PROS1 gene that cannot be effectively evaluated by sequencing or deletion and duplication analysis as a result of technical limitations of the assay, including regions of homology, high guanine-cytosine (GC) content, and repetitive sequences.(Unpublished Mayo method)

The reference transcript for PROS1 is NM_000313.4. Reference transcript numbers may be updated due to transcript re-versioning. Always refer to the final patient report for gene transcript information referenced at the time of testing. Confirmation of select reportable variants may be performed by alternate methodologies based on internal laboratory criteria.

Varies

• Authorized users can sign in to Test Prices for detailed fee information.
• Clients without access to Test Prices can contact Customer Service 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
• Prospective clients should contact their account representative. For assistance, contact Customer Service.

This test was developed and its performance characteristics determined by Mayo Clinic in a manner consistent with CLIA requirements. It has not been cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.

81479